Do you know how long refined sugar, or other types of sugar typically stay in the body?

First all sugars are carbohydrates but they have very short chains so they're absord very quickly. All carbs, (even the sugar) are eventually stored as glycogen in either in the muscle or the liver and broken down into glucose when the body needs it. Now table sugar is known as sucrose which is actually two sugars which if fructose and glucose. The fructose will be stored in the liver and the glucose will either be stored in the muscle or the liver depending on the amount of glycogen already in the muscle and the timing of the nutrient ingestion.
Basically what happens is 20 - 30 minutes after you take the sugar your blood sugar rises and pancreas must pump out insulin to compensate for the rise in blood sugar. The insulin circulates and eventually is stored as fat if it is not used. This process of being stored as fat can take 60 minutes until 2 hours (this is an estimate).
Remember-1g carb = 4 calories